Estimate
Labelled as an estimate, with its basis, and replaced when the actual read arrives.
Visible, provisional, corrected.The standards
Does it apply to you
Reporting under it
Start here
Dates and penalties
Doing it
What you must file
Doing it
Start here
Setting targets
Who and where
The UK duty
Doing it
The baseline
Europe
Reporting more widely
Carbon markets and trade
Packaging and net zero
Carbon accounting
Choosing
Carbon
Compliance and offsets
Software
Templates
Careers
Software · energy monitoring, cited
Energy monitoring software collects meter, bill and sub-meter data and shows how much energy each site uses, when and on what.
ESOS, SECR, ISO 50001 and every carbon inventory start from that kWh, so this page sets out what the data has to look like, how half-hourly settlement is changing it, and the tests to run on a product.
What the software does
Energy monitoring software is the layer that turns meters and bills into a reliable record of energy use.
It is not the same as energy management software, which adds the system around the data, or as carbon emissions tracking software, which converts the data into emissions.
The test of a monitoring product is simple: would an auditor, a director and an ESOS lead assessor all trust the kWh it produces?
Interval meters, bills, sub-meters and fuel records, by site.
Estimates flagged, gaps shown, units made consistent in kWh.
Use broken down by building, process, time of day and season.
Against a baseline, an indicator or last year.
kWh to SECR, ESOS, ISO 50001 and the carbon inventory.
Half-hourly settlement
Every electricity meter point in Great Britain is moving to half-hourly settlement, so the industry will settle on measured half-hourly use rather than profiles.
Ofgem’s P487 decision sets the supplier deadlines, and the programme expects to cut over to a four-month settlement timetable on 2 July 2027, though Ofgem has asked for a report on whether those dates can be brought forward.
Settlement is the supplier’s process; whether you receive the half-hourly data depends on your meter and your supplier, so ask for it.
What the rules need
SECR asks an unquoted company for the energy it used in kWh, beside the emissions, under paragraph 20D of Schedule 7.
ESOS calculates total energy consumption in a common unit, which can be kWh or pounds, and the Environment Agency’s Phase 4 guidance notes that carbon dioxide is not an energy unit.
The ESOS audit must, where appropriate and reasonably practicable, rest on energy consumption profiles: a breakdown of how energy is used and how that use varies, under regulation 27.
Each regime has its own period, so the same meter data has to be cut to a financial year for SECR and a 12-month reference period for ESOS without being typed in twice.
One dataset, four uses
One dataset, four uses
One dataset, four uses
Bills and estimates
Utility bill management and energy monitoring meet at the estimated bill.
The GHG Protocol Corporate Standard asks for completeness and transparency, which in practice means an estimate is labelled and replaced, and a missing month is shown as missing.
The 40,000 kWh SECR relief runs on all forms of energy consumed, under Schedule 7, so the total has to include every fuel and not only the bills the software happens to receive.
Many businesses receive bill data through an energy broker; Ofgem calls brokers third party intermediaries and does not license them, and its rules bite on suppliers instead, according to its guidance for microbusinesses.
Suppliers must show broker costs that are paid through the bill, and may only work with brokers that belong to a qualifying dispute settlement scheme.
Ask where your data comes from, who holds it, and whether you can export it if you change broker.
Labelled as an estimate, with its basis, and replaced when the actual read arrives.
Visible, provisional, corrected.Shown as missing until filled; never quietly read as zero.
A zero is a measurement, not a placeholder.Live intensity and the reporting factor
GB grid intensity
Half-hourlyNESO forecast and actual, gCO2/kWhDESNZ factor set
Once a yearFor activity mostly within that year2026 electricity, generated
0.13096kgCO2e/kWh, DESNZ Table 92025 electricity, generated
0.17700kgCO2e/kWh, DESNZ Table 9NESO publishes Great Britain’s grid carbon intensity by half hour, forecast and actual, through its Carbon Intensity API, and good monitoring software can show it beside your load.
That is an operational number for timing use, not the factor for reported emissions.
DESNZ says its 2026 factors are for activity data falling entirely or mostly within 2026, at ¶1.10 of the methodology paper, and the calculator beside this shows how much one year’s factor change moves the same kWh.
Same kWh, two factor sets
A company that changed nothing sees 26.0% less on this line because the factor moved.
DESNZ attributes most of the fall to grid decarbonisation and 6 to 7 percentage points to methodology.
Factors: DESNZ 2026 methodology paper, Table 9 · 2026 major changes report.
Generated electricity is Scope 2; transmission and distribution losses are Scope 3.
With losses selected, the illustration uses the printed consumed total in DESNZ Table 9, spanning both scopes. It is not your SECR figure; nothing is stored or sent.
Why the data matters
DESNZ’s evaluation of SECR found that 56% of compliers reported better tracking of energy efficiency projects, and 25% said reporting led them to use less energy, on their own account.
Monitoring makes the reduction measurable; it does not make it happen, which is the job of the people who see the data.
What a reduction looks like once it is real is set out on carbon reduction software.
What SECR compliers said
What SECR compliers said
The tests before you sign
Each question beside this names the rule it serves and what a passing answer looks like.
Run them on your own meters and bills, because a demonstration estate never has an estimated read or a sub-meter that stopped in March.
For the audit that sits on top of this data, see energy audit software.
Nothing on this page is a rating, ranking or recommendation of any product.
Energy monitoring demo questions · tick the ones you need
The pass tests are our reading of the cited provisions.
Nothing you tick is stored or sent.
For the board
Every energy figure we report starts at a meter, so we should own clean kWh before we buy anything that sits on top of them.
Takeaways
| Fact | Source |
|---|---|
| Every GB electricity meter point is due to be on half-hourly settlement by 7 May 2027. | Ofgem, P487 decision |
| SECR asks for energy used in kWh; the 40,000 kWh relief counts all forms of energy. | SI 2008/410 Sch 7 |
| An ESOS audit rests on energy consumption profiles where practicable. | ESOS reg 27(2)–(3) |
| Live grid intensity is operational; reported emissions use the DESNZ factor for the year. | NESO; DESNZ ¶1.10 |
| Energy brokers are not licensed by Ofgem; the rules bite on suppliers. | Ofgem TPI guidance |
Four checks on your energy data
Four checks on your energy data
Four checks on your energy data
Four checks on your energy data
Next: if you are in ESOS Phase 4, take this data to energy audit software; if you report under SECR, see SECR reporting software.
Frequently asked
Software that collects energy data — interval meter readings, utility bills and sub-meter readings — and shows consumption by site, by use and over time, in kWh.
It is the data layer that energy management, ESOS audits, SECR reporting and carbon accounting all start from.
Monitoring collects and shows the data.
Management adds the system around it: targets, indicators, baselines, actions and owners, as ISO 50001 describes.
Many products do both; the difference matters when you write the specification.
The market is moving there.
Under market-wide half-hourly settlement every GB electricity meter point is being migrated to half-hourly settlement: migration started on 22 October 2025, suppliers must be qualified by 28 October 2026 and migration is due to complete on 7 May 2027.
Settlement moving to half-hourly does not by itself give the customer a data feed; that depends on the meter and the supplier.
It moves electricity settlement from profiled estimates to actual half-hourly consumption, and shortens the settlement timetable from 14 months to four months at the cutover planned for 2 July 2027.
For a business it means bills and settlement rest more on measured use.
It overlaps.
Bill management checks invoices, flags estimates and errors, and keeps the cost and kWh record; monitoring adds meter data.
For reporting, the important test is that estimated bills are labelled and replaced with actual reads.
SECR asks for energy used in kWh in the directors’ report; ESOS calculates total energy consumption in kWh or in pounds, and since 22 July 2026 states savings in kWh; ISO 50001 tracks energy performance with indicators and baselines.
All three start from the same meter and bill data.
It can show it: NESO publishes Great Britain’s grid intensity by half hour.
But that is an operational number for timing use.
Reported emissions for SECR use the DESNZ conversion factor for the year in which the energy was used.
No rule requires them.
An ESOS audit must, where appropriate and reasonably practicable, rest on energy consumption profiles — a breakdown of how energy is used — so sub-metering often makes the audit cheaper and better.
Not by Ofgem directly.
Ofgem calls them third party intermediaries; the rules bite on suppliers, who must show broker costs paid through the bill and may only work with brokers that belong to a qualifying dispute settlement scheme.
Check who is giving you the data and how it is paid for.
Often not.
An unquoted company is in SECR only if it is large, and one using 40,000 kWh or less may say so instead of disclosing its figures.
Monthly bills in a spreadsheet are enough for many small firms.
In ESOS, a breakdown of the different ways energy is used by the activities and assets of the organisation and, where appropriate, an analysis of how that use varies.
It is what an audit is built on, and monitoring data is how you get one.
No. This page is built from the ESOS and SECR legislation, DESNZ, NESO, Ofgem and the MHHS programme, each cited. It names no products and ranks none.
Sources
Every test on this page traces to the source listed here.
Suppliers qualified by 28 October 2026; all meter points migrated by 7 May 2027.
M16, 2 July 2027: cutover from the 14-month to the four-month settlement timetable.
The settlement timetable and the migration that started on 22 October 2025.
Half-hourly GB grid intensity: operational, not the reporting factor.
One factor set a year, relevant to SECR.
The activity-year rule and the 2025 and 2026 electricity factors.
Why the electricity factor fell by about a quarter.
Energy in kWh, the 40,000 kWh relief and “all forms of energy”.
An unquoted company’s energy and emissions lines.
Energy consumption profiles as the basis of the audit.
Total energy consumption over a 12-month reference period.
Total energy consumption in kWh or in pounds; CO2 is not an energy unit.
Energy performance indicators and energy baselines.
Energy brokers are not licensed by Ofgem; the rules bite on suppliers.
What compliers said reporting changed, including better tracking of projects.
Completeness and transparency: a gap is not a zero.